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The Tongva ( ) are Native Americans who inhabited the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately . The Tongva are also known as the Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, and Nicoleño—Europeanized names that were assigned to the Tongva after Spanish colonization. ''Gabrieleño'' and ''Fernandeño'' are derived from the names of Spanish missions built on or near the tribes' territory—Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Fernando Rey de España, respectively—while ''Nicoleño'' is derived from San Nicolas Island. Along with the neighboring Chumash, the Tongva were the most powerful indigenous people to inhabit Southern California. At the time of European contact, they may have numbered 5,000 to 10,000.〔 Many lines of evidence suggest that the Tongva are descended of Uto-Aztecan-speaking peoples from Nevada who moved southwest into coastal Southern California 3,500 years ago. These migrants either absorbed or pushed out the Hokan-speaking peoples in the region. By 500 AD the Tongva had come to occupy all the lands now associated with them.〔 A hunter-gatherer society, the Tongva traded widely with neighboring peoples. Over time scattered communities came to speak distinct dialects of the Tongva language, part of the Takic subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan language family. There may have been five or more such dialects (three on the Channel Islands and at least two on the mainland).〔 The Tongva language became extinct in the twentieth century, but a reconstructed form continues to be spoken today. Initial Spanish exploration of the Los Angeles area occurred in 1542, but sustained contact with the Tongva came only after Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was constructed in 1771. This marked the beginning of an era of forced relocation and exposure to Old World diseases, leading to the rapid collapse of the Tongva population. At times the Tongva violently resisted Spanish rule, such as the 1785 rebellion led by the female chief Toypurina.〔 In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain and the government sold mission lands to ranchers, forcing the Tongva to culturally assimilate. Three decades later California was ceded to the United States following the Mexican–American War. The US government signed treaties with the Tongva promising of land for reservations, but these treaties were never ratified. By the turn of the 20th century, the Island Tongva had disappeared and the mainland communities were also nearing extinction. The endonym ''Tongva'' was recorded by American ethnographer C. Hart Merriam in 1903 and has been widely adopted by scholars and descendants,〔 although some prefer the endonym ''Kizh''. Since 2006, there have been four organizations claiming to represent the Tongva Nation: the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe, known as the "hyphen" group from the hyphen in their name;〔(Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe )〕 the Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe, known as the "slash" group;〔(Gabrieliño/Tongva Nation Tribal Council )〕 the Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians;〔http://gabrielenoindians.org/Site/WELCOME.html〕 and the Gabrieleño/Tongva Tribal Council.〔(Gabrieleño/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel )〕 Two of the groups are the result of a hostile split over the question of building an Indian casino.〔("Battle over a casino plan divides Gabrielino Indians" ) ''Los Angeles Times'' (November 26, 2006)〕 In 1994, the state of California recognized the Tongva "as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles Basin," but no group representing the Tongva has attained recognition by the federal government.〔 In 2008, more than 1,700 people identified as Tongva or claimed partial ancestry.〔 ==Name== The first record of an endonym for the Tongva people was ''Kizh'' (also spelled ''Kij''), from 1846.〔Hale, Horatio. 1846, Ethnology and Philology. ''United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes, USN.'' (Open Library )〕 Although subsequent authors〔Yarrow, H.C. 1875. "Report on the operations of a special party for making ethnological researches in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., with an historical account of the region explored." Appendix H 13. p. 556 ''in'' ''Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1876.'' (Google Books )〕 equated this with the word for "house" (also often spelled ''kizh''), Hale gives the word for house as ''kītç'' in a list where the language was called "Kīj", suggesting that the words were distinct.〔p. 556〕 The term ''Kizh'' was generally used at that time to designate the language, and the first comprehensive publication on the language used it.〔Buschmann, Johann Karl Eduard. 1855. ''Die Sprachen Kizh und Netela von Neu-Californien.'' Berlin: Kŏnigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen: 501-531.〕 In 1875, Yarrow indicated that the name ''Kizh'' was unknown at Mission San Gabriel. He reported that the natives called themselves ''Tobikhar'', meaning "settlers", and spoke almost exclusively Spanish.〔 In 1885, Hoffman also referred to the natives as ''Tobikhar''.〔Hoffman, W.J. 1885. "Notes on Hugo Ried's Account of the Indians of Los Angeles, California," in ''Bulletin of the Essex Institute.'' Vol 17, p 26.〕 The word ''Tongva'' was recorded by Merriam in 1903 from a single informant. He spelled it Tong-vā; by his orthography, it would be pronounced , .〔McCawley, William. 1996. ''The First Angelinos.'' Malki Museum Press.〕 The name ''Tongva'' has become increasingly preferred as a self-designation since the 1990s, although either "Gabrieleño" or "Gabrielino" is part of every official name.〔(Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians ), (Gabrieleño/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel ), (Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe ), (Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe of the Los Angeles Basin ) 〕 The Gabrieleno/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel on their website say that ''Tongva'' means "people of the earth."〔"'Tongva' means people of the earth, in our language." website of the Gabrieleno/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel (tongva.com), (September 2001 ).〕 There is no independent evidence for this. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tongva people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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